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- Government
-
- Long-form name: none.
-
- Type: The Antarctic Treaty, signed on 1 December 1959 and
- entered into force on 23 June 1961, established, for at
- least 30 years, a legal framework for peaceful use, scientific
- research, and suspension of territorial claims. Administration
- is carried out through consultative member meetings--the
- 14th and last meeting was held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
- in October 1987.
-
- Consultative (voting) members include claimant nations
- (they claim portions of Antarctica as national territory
- and some claims overlap) and nonclaimant nations (they have
- made no claims to Antarctic territory, although the US and
- USSR have reserved the right to do so and do not recognize
- the claims of others); the year in parentheses indicates
- when an acceding nation was voted to full consultative (voting)
- status, while no date indicates an original 1959 treaty
- signatory. Claimant nations are--Argentina, Australia, Chile,
- France, New Zealand, Norway, and the UK. Nonclaimant nations
- are--Belgium, Brazil (1983), China (1985), FRG (1981), GDR
- (1987), India (1983), Italy (1987), Japan, Poland (1977),
- South Africa, Uruguay (1985), US, and the USSR.
-
- Acceding (nonvoting) members, with year of accession in
- parenthesis, are--Austria (1987), Bulgaria (1978), Cuba
- (1984), Czechoslovakia (1962), Denmark (1965), Finland (1984),
- Greece (1987), Hungary (1984), Netherlands (1987), North
- Korea (1987), Papua New Guinea (1981), Peru (1981), Romania
- (1971), South Korea (1986), Spain (1982), and Sweden (1984).
-
- Antarctic Treaty Summary: Article 1--area to be used for
- peaceful purposes only and military activity, such as weapons
- testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment
- may be used for scientific purposes; Article 2--freedom
- of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue;
- Article 3--free exchange of information and personnel; Article
- 4--does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial
- claims and no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty
- is in force; Article 5--prohibits nuclear explosions or
- disposal of radioactive wastes; Article 6--includes under
- the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60o 00' south,
- but that the water areas be covered by international law;
- Article 7--treaty-state observers have free access, including
- aerial observation, to any area and may inspect all stations,
- installations, and equipment; advance notice of all activities
- and the introduction of military personnel must be given;
- Article 8--allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists
- by their own states; Article 9--frequent consultative meetings
- take place among member nations and acceding nations given
- consultative status; Article 10--treaty states will discourage
- activities by any country in Antarctica that are contrary
- to the treaty; Article 11--disputes to be settled peacefully
- by the parties concerned or, ultimately, by the ICJ; Articles
- 12, 13, 14--deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending
- the treaty among involved nations.
-
- Other agreements: Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic
- Marine Living Resources; Convention for the Conservation
- of Antarctic Seals; a mineral resources agreement is currently
- undergoing ratification by the Antarctic Treaty consultative
- parties.
-